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Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the main components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), have a certain impact on ambient air quality, and long-term exposure to PAHs may pose potential health risks to human beings. Objective To identify the distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in a district of Taizhou City from 2019 to 2021, and to evaluate the health risks of PAHs to the population in the area through the inhalation pathway. Methods From 2019 to 2021, air PM2.5 sampling was carried out at a state-controlled surveillance point in a district of Taizhou City for 7 consecutive days on the 10th-16th of each month, the sampling time was 24 h·d−1, and the sampling flow rate was 100 L·min−1. PM2.5 mass concentration was calculated by gravimetric method. A total of 16 PAHs were determined by ultrasonic extraction-liquid chromatography. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the distribution charac teristics of PAHs concentrations by years and seasons, characteristic ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze their sources, and a lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) model was used to assess the health risk of PAHs. Results From 2019 to 2021, the annual average concentrations [M (P25, P75)] of ∑PAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in the selected district of Taizhou City were 6.52 (2.46, 10.59), 8.52 (4.56, 12.29), and 3.72 (1.51, 7.11) ng·m−3, respectively, and the annual benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) excess rates (national limit: 1 ng·m−3) were 27.38% (23/84), 47.62% (40/84), and 19.04% (16/84), respectively, both presenting 2020> 2019 > 2021 (P<0.001, P<0.05). The ∑PAHs concentration distribution showed a seasonal variation, with the highest value in winter and the lowest value in summer (P<0.05). Among the atmospheric PM2.5 samples, the proportion of 5-ring PAHs was the highest, the proportion of 2-3-ring PAHs was the lowest; the proportion of 2-4-ring PAHs showed a yearly upward trend, and the proportion of 5-6-ring PAHs showed yearly downward trend (P<0.05). The characteristic ratio and PCA results suggested that the sources of sampled PAHs were mainly mixed sources such as dust, fossil fuel (natural gas), coal combustion, industrial emissions, and motor vehicle exhaust emissions. The ILCR (RILCR) of PAHs by inhalation for men, women, and children were 1.83×10−6, 2.35×10−6, and 2.04×10−6, respectively, and the annual average RILCR was 2.07×10−6, all greater than 1×10−6. Conclusion For the sampled time period, the main sources of PAHs pollution in atmospheric PM2.5 in the target district of Taizhou City are dust, fossil fuel (natural gas), coal combustion, industrial emissions, motor vehicle emissions, etc., and PAHs may have a potential carcinogenic risk to local residents.
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Background The presence of formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene in indoor air of public places has been confirmed to cause health damage. The employees of barber and beauty shops are exposed to relatively enclosed space for a long time, and could surfer more serious health risks from indoor air chemical pollutants. Objective To analyze the concentrations of common indoor air chemical pollutants in barber shops and beauty salons in Liaocheng City, and explore potential health risks of the pollutants for employees. Methods Using a stratified randomized sampling method, 8 to 10 barber shops and 5 to 10 beauty salons were selected in the main urban area of Liaocheng City to conduct monitoring of the sanitary conditions of public places in winter and summer every year from 2016 to 2021; the indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene in the selected sites were measured, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect exposure characteristics of indoor pollutants. The concentration distributions of the five chemical pollutants were obtained from the monitoring data for 6 consecutive years, and the health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was used to perform health risk assessment of inhalation exposure. Results In 2016–2021, the median indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and xylene in the two types of sites were lower than the limits of Hygienic Indicators and Limits for Public Places (GB 37488-2019), but the concentrations of some monitoring sites were higher than the limits. The disqualification rates of the five pollutants in the barber shops were 16.8%, 2.7%, 2.4%, 6.4%, and 12.0%, respectively. The disqualification rate of formaldehyde was the highest in all pollutants (22.0%), while the disqualification rates of ammonia, toluene, and xylene were 1.3%, 2.0%, and 2.0% in beauty salons respectively. Both formaldehyde and benzene were found to have carcinogenic risks (CR) in the two types of public places. Both median values of CR were greater than 1.0×10−6, and both maximum values were greater than 1.0×10−4. Formaldehyde had the highest non-carcinogenic risk in the indoor air of barber shops and beauty salons. The median non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQ) of formaldehyde were both greater than 1, and the maximum values were 16.72 and 12.19 times of the standard value; ammonia and toluene had the lowest non-carcinogenic risks, and their maximum values of HQ were less than 1; the median HQs of benzene and xylene were far less than 1, but their maximum risk values of barber shop were greater than 1. Conclusion For the sake of worker's health, formaldehyde and benzene should be the indoor air pollutant control priority for barber shops and beauty salons in Liaocheng; formaldehyde poses the most serious health hazard to practitioners and should be given high attention and necessary measures to reduce the hazard; benzene poses certain carcinogenic risks, with some of its highest values exceeding 10−4, which is higher than the recommended safety threshold.
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Background A variety of substances in drinking water are hazardous to human health and there are health risks associated with ingestion of these substances via drinking water. Objective To assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of drinking water in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021. Methods The collection, preservation, and testing of 10529 drinking water samples (including finished water and tap water) in Shijiazhuang were conducted from 2014 to 2021 and followed the Standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750—2006). The health risks of 15 chemicals in drinking water by oral exposure were assessed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's four-step method combined with Monte Carlo simulation. Results Among the 15 chemicals in drinking water assessed for their health risks at general exposure levels and high exposure levels via oral route in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2021, the leading three chemicals and related values of carcinogenic risks for adults were cadmium (1.11×10−4, 2.98×10−4), arsenic (5.88×10−5, 1.56×10−4), and chromium (5.48×10−5, 2.41×10−4), and the leading three chemicals and related values of non-carcinogenic risks were fluoride (3.57×10−1, 6.57×10−1), arsenic (1.31×10−1, 3.47×10−1), and nitrate (1.14×10−1, 5.98×10−1). The health risk values of trichloromethane and aluminum were elevated but still in acceptable ranges. Drinking water-associated health risk values were higher in males than in females, such as the cancer risk for general exposure levels of arsenic in men was 5.76×10−5, compared to 5.72×10−5 in women. The health risk values of cadmium, chromium, fluoride, nitrate, and other chemicals in ground water were higher than those of surface water, and the health risk values of trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride were lower than those in surface water, such as the non-carcinogenic risk value for general exposure levels of fluoride in groundwater was 3.61×10−1, compared to 2.27×10−1 in surface water. Factors such as water transmission and distribution links, water period, and season affected the health risks of drinking water. The general exposure levels of trichloromethane in tap water had a higher carcinogenic risk of 1.75×10−7 compared with 8.17×10−8 in finished water. The general levels of arsenic exposure was higher in the dry season at 1.36×10−1, compared with 1.26×10−1 in the wet season. Conclusion Except that the carcinogenic risk of cadmium at general exposure levels in Shijiazhuang exceeds the maximum acceptable range recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency, the health risk values of the remaining 14 chemicals are below the maximum acceptable risk. The carcinogenic risk values of arsenic and chromium and the non-carcinogenic risk values of fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate are relatively high, but do not exceed the maximum acceptable ranges. The emphasis should be on the management of drinking water in highly exposed areas and populations.
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Background Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are persistent organic pollutants. Dietary exposure to PFCs among pregnant women may lead to elevated risks of adverse events during pregnancy and postpartum depression. Objective To estimate potential risk of dietary exposure to PFCs among pregnant women in Xuhui District, Shanghai, and the relationship between dietary PFCs exposure and risks of adverse events during pregnancy and postpartum depression. Methods This study was a small cohort study which recruited women residing in Xuhui District from July 2017 to September 2018. All information was collected through questionnaires by trained investigators. Basic information and dietary information were collected at the time of inclusion, where the dietary information was obtained through the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). A follow-up visit was conducted within 42 d after delivery to collect the occurrence of adverse events during pregnancy and postpartum depression. According to the results of dietary survey, sampling and PFCs level testing were conducted on commercially available staple foods, poultry and livestock meat, aquatic products, vegetables, milk and dairy products, eggs, etc. The food sampling points covered all subdistricts in Xuhui District, including farmers' markets, supermarkets, convenience stores, and shops. Daily exposure level and hazard ratio (HR) of PFCs per capita were calculated according to the dietary survey and laboratory testing. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between PFCs exposure and the risks of adverse events during pregnancy and postpartum depression. The levels of PFCs exposure were further divided into 4 groups according to interquartile range, and OR and Ptrend value were calculated respectively. Results A total of 345 pregnant women were recruited in this study, whose average age was (29.61±4.92) years. Among them, 26.37% subjects reported at least one adverse event during pregnancy, and 30.14% subjects reported an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥12. A total of 132 food samples were collected and tested, and PFCs were positive mainly in milk and dairy products, poultry meat, livestock meat, eggs, fresh water products, and sea water products. The PFCs positive rate in fresh water products was the highest, reaching 100%. The average concentration of PFCs in the positive samples was 0.018-2.10 μg·kg−1. The HR of PFCs was 4.44. A higher risk of postpartum depression was found along with a higher perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure level (Ptrend=0.02). Conclusion Dietary PFCs exposure may pose a health risk to pregnant women. The study findings suggest that decreasing the intake of freshwater products might help reduce the risk of PFCs exposure among pregnant women in Xuhui district, Shanghai.
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Objective To assess the health risks of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating measures to prevent fluoride and improve water quality. Methods The drinking water of rural schools in Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi Province was monitored from 2017 to 2020. The fluoride concentration was evaluated in accordance with the “Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water” (GB5749-2006). The health risk assessment method recommended by USEPA was used to assess the health risk of rural students exposed to fluoride through drinking water in the two regions. Results A total of 2 826 water samples were monitored from 2017 to 2020. The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water quality was 92.29%, with an average concentration of 0.500 mg/L. The non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas was 0.05). In the same age group, the non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in groundwater was higher than that in surface water (P sedimentation filtration > conventional treatment > untreated (P < 0.05). Conclusion The non-carcinogenic risk of oral intake of fluoride in drinking water from rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province is still at an acceptable level. In the future, it is necessary to continue to promote comprehensive prevention and treatment measures focusing on water improvement and fluoride reduction.
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Background Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are emerging synthetic insecticides that have been used in various pest management regimens worldwide as alternatives to conventional insecticides. Recently, several studies have indicated that humans are widely exposed to NEOs, but limited is known about the levels and associated health risks of NEOs exposure among children. Objective To estimate exposure levels of four kinds of NEOs in urine samples among 5-year-old children from Laizhou Wan, Shandong Province, and to evaluate health risks of single and cumulative exposure to NEOs among children in this area. Methods A total of 205 children who participated in the 5-year-old follow-up in Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC) were included. Urinary concentrations of four NEOs [imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (THM)] were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Based on the detected NEOs concentrations, estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated, and the health risk of exposure to single NEO was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ, risk threshold=1). A relative potency factor (RPF) approach was used to standardize the concentrations of the four NEOs by IMI to calculate their cumulative concentrations. Then, the health risk of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was further evaluated based on the HQ method. Results The detection rates of the four NEOs in the 5-year-old children were all above 90%, and their median creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations were in the order from high to low as follows: CLO (1.373 μg·g−1) > THM (0.628 μg·g−1) > IMI (0.310 μg·g−1) > ACE (0.073 μg·g−1). Of the four NEOs, the median EDI of IMI was 0.035 µg·kg−1·d−1, higher than those of CLO (0.032 µg·kg−1·d−1), THM (0.012 µg·kg−1·d−1), and ACE (0.002 µg·kg−1·d−1). The maximum HQ values of IMI, CLO, THM, and ACE were 0.168, 0.152, 0.055, and 0.022, respectively, which were all far lower than the risk threshold of 1. The median concentration of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs standardized by IMI was 21.241 μg·g−1, and its median EDI was 2.370 µg·kg−1·d−1. The maximum HQ of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was only 0.694, which also did not exceed the risk threshold of 1. Conclusion NEOs exposure is common among the 5-year-old children in Laizhou Wan, Shandong. Although there is no obvious health risk associated with single and cumulative exposure to NEOs in the children in this area, their exposure levels of NEOs are higher than those in some foreign areas. The adverse health effects of long-term exposure to low dose of NEOs deserve our extensive attention.
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ObjectiveTo explore the variation rules and health risks of trihalomethane in regional drinking water， and to provide evidence for the innovative water processing technology and the optimization of drinking water quality. MethodsBased on regional drinking water sanitation monitoring， non-parametric rank sum test was used to analyze the effects of residual trihalomethane production in different periods and with disinfection methods. The United States environmental protection agency （USEPA） classic "four-step" health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane through drinking water exposure. ResultsThe yield of trichloromethane in wet season was 6.3 μg·L-1， which was higher than that in dry season. Compared with chlorination pretreatment， ozone pretreatment reduced the content of bromomethane dichloromethane. Compared to liquid chlorine disinfection， sodium hypochlorite treatment incresed the levels of trichloromethane and bromomethane chloride. Although the total carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of trihalomethane in drinking water in the region were at safe levels， they were above the acceptable limits occasionally. The highest carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane were dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane，and the highest non-carcinogenic risk was trichloromethane. The health risk of children was 1.2 times higher than that for adults. ConclusionThe production of residual trihalomethane in drinking water in this area is relatively low， which is less harmful to the health of adults and children. Monitoring， including other disinfection byproducts， should continue and appropriate disinfection techniques for drinking water should be explored.
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Background The safety of drinking water is closely related to people's health. In recent years, relevant studies have identified some health related problems with drinking water in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The complex and diverse natural environment embraced by the vast jurisdiction of the region may lead to uneven drinking water quality across the region. Objective To evaluate eight chemicals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium (hexavalent), lead, mercury, fluoride, trichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride in urban drinking water in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2021, and to provide reference for optimizing urban water supply system and ideas for further developing strategies to promote population health. Methods A total of 1228 monitoring sites were set up in urban areas of Inner Mongolia, and water samples were collected once in dry season (May) and once in wet season (August−September). Eight chemicals of interest in drinking water were detected according to the Standard examination methods for drinking water, and assessed for health risks using the health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and following the Technical guide for environmental health risk assessment of chemical exposure. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the concentrations of eight chemicals in urban drinking water by water seasons and water sample types. Results In 2021, a total of 2381 samples of urban drinking water were tested in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including 1195 samples in wet season and 1186 samples in dry season; 389 samples of finished water and 1992 samples of tap water. The positive rates of arsenic and fluoride were 26.25% and 96.77%, respectively. The positive rates of cadmium, chromium (hexavalent), lead, mercury, trichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride were 6.22%, 16.63%, 6.09%, 16.67%, 18.98%, and 8.36%, respectively. The exceeding standard rate of fluoride was 4.87%. Trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride were qualified in all samples. There were statistical differences in the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium (hexavalent), lead, and carbon tetrachloride in urban drinking water between water seasons (Z=−3.847, P<0.05; Z=2.464, P=0.014; Z=−3.129, P=0.002; Z=4.341, P<0.05; Z=4.342, P<0.05). Only fluoride concentration was found statistically different among different water sample types (Z=−2.287, P=0.022). The non-carcinogenic risks of ingestion and dermal exposure to each chemical in drinking water by water seasons and water sample types were all less than 1, but the P95 total non-carcinogenic risks of oral exposure were greater than 1. The P95 carcinogenic risks of oral exposure to some chemicals in drinking water by water seasons and water sample types were>10−4, which suggested carcinogenic risks, while the carcinogenic risks of dermal explore to chemicals were all less than 10−6. Conclusion In 2021, urban drinking water in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is generally safe, but arsenic, cadmium, chromium (hexavalent), lead, mercury, and fluoride still exceed the national limits, posing certain health risks.
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Objective Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model and Environmental health indicators (EHIs), the comprehensive environmental health risk index of the Yangtze River economic belt is assessed to evaluate the comprehensive environmental health risk of the study area from 2016 to 2020. Methods Reference to the results of the Second National Pollution Source Census, a comprehensive environmental health risk assessment system was established. Twenty three representative indicators covering the four directions of economy, society, environment and health were selected. The above indicators were standardized using the range method, and each indicator was weighted using the entropy weight method. Results From 2016 to 2020, the comprehensive risk of environmental health in the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed a downward trend. The comprehensive health risk index decreased from 0.5450 to 0.3255, and the risk level has changed from "medium risk" to "low risk". Conclusion The overall environmental health of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has been improving, but it is still necessary to note that with the economic development, the regional pressure risk index has been rising rapidly, and corresponding measures should be taken to maintain the balanced development of economic and environmental health.
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@#Objective To map the knowledge domain of occupational health research in China. Methods Articles were searched in the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database using“occupational health”as the subject term. Journal sources were limited to the journals of China Social Science Citation Index and core journals of China and Chinese Science Citation Database. The search period starts in 1992 and ends on November 26，2021. The valid data was visually analyzed using CiteSpace softwere. Results A total of 2 351 papers related to occupational health from 1992 to 2021 were obtained. In the past 30 years，the number of articles with the title of“occupational health”has been on the rise and reached its peak in 2014. China Occupational Medicine，Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases，and Chinese Journal of Industrial Medicine were the top three journals in terms of number of articles published，which produced 438，339 and 280 articles respectively. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment were the top two organizations in terms of number of articles published，which produced 169 and 116 articles respectively. Occupational medical examination，occupational health surveillance，and occupational health risk assessment were the three hot issues in the field of occupational health research. Conclusions In the past 30 years， occupational health research in China has achieved remarkable progress in terms of article publications and interdisciplinary cooperation，and future work should focus on the academic impact of articles and interdisciplinary research cooperation.
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@#Objective To map the knowledge domain of occupational health research in China. Methods Articles were searched in the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database using“occupational health”as the subject term. Journal sources were limited to the journals of China Social Science Citation Index and core journals of China and Chinese Science Citation Database. The search period starts in 1992 and ends on November 26，2021. The valid data was visually analyzed using CiteSpace softwere. Results A total of 2 351 papers related to occupational health from 1992 to 2021 were obtained. In the past 30 years，the number of articles with the title of“occupational health”has been on the rise and reached its peak in 2014. China Occupational Medicine，Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases，and Chinese Journal of Industrial Medicine were the top three journals in terms of number of articles published，which produced 438，339 and 280 articles respectively. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment were the top two organizations in terms of number of articles published，which produced 169 and 116 articles respectively. Occupational medical examination，occupational health surveillance，and occupational health risk assessment were the three hot issues in the field of occupational health research. Conclusions In the past 30 years， occupational health research in China has achieved remarkable progress in terms of article publications and interdisciplinary cooperation，and future work should focus on the academic impact of articles and interdisciplinary research cooperation.
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Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most widely distributed and harmful organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and composition sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of two districts of Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020 and evaluate the health risks of PAHs via inhalation to different populations. Methods The PAHs concentrations in two urban areas (Chengguan District and Xigu District) of Lanzhou City from January 2019 to December 2020 were regularly monitored. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences in target pollutant concentrations between the two areas. Diagnostic ratio method and principal component analysis were adopted for source identification. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model was applied to evaluate the health risks of PAHs. Results The M (P25, P75) PAHs concentrations in Chengguan District and Xigu District were 24.04 (14.59, 41.81) ng·m−3 and 25.97 (18.59, 42.56) ng·m−3, respectively, with no significant difference (Z=−0.970, P>0.05). As to seasonal distribution, most PAHs monomer concentrations in Chengguan District were higher than those in Xigu District in summer, and the concentrations of benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene in Chengguan District were also higher than those in Xigu District in spring and autumn (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in PAHs monomer concentrations between the two urban areas in winter (P>0.05). Ring number of PAHs exhibited seasonal fluctuations. In winter and spring, the highest proportions in Chengguan District and Xigu District were both 4-ring PAHs (37.32%-41.73%, 35.20%-39.66%), and in summer and autumn, the highest proportions were both 2- and 3-ring PAHs (39.38%-49.54%, 47.17%-51.23%). The results of diagnostic ratio method revealed mixed atmospheric PAHs sources in the two urban areas, including fossil fuel, coal, and biomass combustion. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the four principal component factors reached 79.54%. Principal component 1 included phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene; principal component 2 included acenaphthene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; principal component 3 was fluorene; principal component 4 was naphthalene. The results of health risk assessment showed that the ILCR values of adult males, adult females, and children in Chengguan District were 2.30×10−6, 2.16×10−6, and 1.73×10−6, respectively; and those in Xigu District were 1.58×10−6, 1.48×10−6, and 1.19×10−6, respectively; all were greater than 10−6. Conclusion PAHs pollution exists in the atmosphere of the two urban areas of Lanzhou City, mainly comes from mixed sources of fossil fuels, coal, and biomass burning, and may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the population.
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Background N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a new disinfection by-product in drinking water, has attracted extensive attention due to its high detection rate and concentration. Objective To investigate the concentration of NDMA in drinking water in Nanjing situated in the lower Yangtze River Basin of China, and to evaluate associated human health risk. Methods In dry period (January–March) and wet period (July–September) of 2021, raw water, finished water, and tap water from 16 centralized water treatment plants in Nanjing were collected to detect the concentration of NDMA in water samples by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with programmable temperature vaporizer-based large volume injection. The concentrations of NDMA in water samples of different water types, water periods, and disinfection methods were analyzed, and the daily exposure levels and carcinogenic risk values of NDMA in drinking water of different exposure routes and different exposed populations were calculated. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented with Crystal Ball 11 software to establish a health risk assessment model and conduct sensitivity analysis. Results A total of 61 drinking water samples were collected in Nanjing, and NDMA was positive in all the water samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.36 to 25.65 ng·L−1 and an overall average concentration of (8.00±4.06) ng·L−1. There were no statistically significant differences in the average concentrations of NDMA among raw water, finished water, and tap water samples (F=2.875, P=0.064), between wet season and dry season (t=−0.855, P=0.397), or among different disinfection methods by liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide (F=0.977, P=0.385). The results of health risk assessment showed that the average carcinogenic risk of NDMA and its P95 were 5.95×10−6 and 1.12×10−5 respectively for oral intake of drinking water, and the values for dermal contact were both lower than 1.00×10−6. The mean carcinogenic risks of exposure to drinking water NDMA in children, adolescents, and adults were 1.84×10−6, 8.27×10−7, and 3.28×10−6, respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the contributions of daily drinking water volume and NDMA concentration in drinking water to the calculated health risk were high, and the contribution of body weight was negative. Conclusion There is a potential carcinogenic risk of NDMA in the drinking water of Nanjing section of the lower Yangtze River Basin，but it is within the acceptable range.
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@#Objective To assess the occupational health risk of noise in a plastic products enterprise and determine the key risk Methods - points. The workplace of a plastic products enterprise and its 388 noise exposed workers were selected as the ， research subjects using a convenient sampling method. The noise intensity in the workplace of the enterprise was measured and - GBZ/T 229.4-2012 the individual noise exposure level and pure tone hearing test were carried out in the noise exposed workers. Classification of Occupational Hazards at Workplaces--Part 4： Occupational Exposure to Noise（ GBZ/T hereinafter referred to as 229.4-2012） - was used to evaluate the hazardous degree of noise in different posts. The risk of high frequency hearing loss （ ） - （ ） - ， ， HFHL and occupational noise induced deafness ONID in noise exposed workers in different posts at 45.0 50.0 55.0 and WS/T 754-2016 Guideline for Risk Management of Occupational Noise Hazard（ 60.0 years of age were predicted using hereinafter WS/T 754-2016）Results referred to as . The noise in the workplace of this plastic product enterprise was found to exceed the - occupational exposure limits with the rate of 46.6%. The maximum level of normalization of equivalent continuous A weighted - （ ） sound pressure level to a nominal 40 h working week of exposure to noise in workers of six posts was 84.0 93.0 dB A . - ， ， ， According to GBZ/T 229.4 2012 the noise hazards of the posts including extrusion premixing unloading and utility - ， maintenance were mild or moderate except for the film and packaging posts. According to WS/T 754 2016 the risks of HFHL in ， ， the film and packaging operators at age ≥50.0 years old were at acceptable risk and the risks of HFHL in operators of extrusion ， ， premixing unloading and utility maintenance at age ≥45.0 years old were at moderate risk or high risk. The risks of ONID for ， the film packaging and utility maintenance operators at age ≥55.0 years old were at acceptable risk or moderate risk. The risksof ONID for extrusion premixing and unloading operators at age ≥50.0 years old were at high risk. Extrusion operators with （ ） exposure to toluene below the occupational exposure limit had a higher risk of HFHL high risk than unloading operators （ ） Conclusion moderate risk at age 45.0 years with the same noise intensity. The noise exposure intensity is high in the ， workplace of the plastic product enterprise. The workers in posts of extrusion premixing and unloading are at high risk levels of HFHL and ONID.
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Objective:To analyze the serum lipid levels, and its influencing factors, of male residents around an uranium mine in order to provide a scientific basis for health risk assessment for such residents.Methods:With such a mine as the center, the surveyed subjects were divided into four groups as within 5, 10, 15 and 20 km of this mine, respectively. These male residents living around the mine were randomly selected as subjects. A health questionnaire survey was conducted among the subjects. The indicator such as height, weight and blood pressure were measured by means of the standard method. Peripheral venous blood was extracted from the subjects, and their venous blood glucose and serum lipid were detected. The levels of serum lipid and detectable rates of abnormal serum lipid were analyzed by using univariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of dyslipidemia.Results:A total of 867 males at age 40 to 69 was included in the vicinity of the mine. The mean levels ( ± s) of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were (5.46±1.11), (1.92±1.64), (3.19±1.02), and (1.39±0.43) mmol/L, respectively. 384 subjects with dyslipidemia were totally detected in the residents, and the detection rate was 44.29% (384/867). Of the residents with dyslipidemia, the majority was abnormal in two lipid related indexes (45.57%, 175/384). Univariate analysis result showed that there was statistically significant difference in TG level in different distance groups ( F=3.34, P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the abnormal detection rates of TG and HDL-C in subjects in different distance groups ( χ2=9.52, 10.18, P<0.05). The detection rates of dyslipidemia were significantly different in the groups of BMI, blood pressure and blood glucose ( χ2=45.91, 32.31, 11.42, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that excluding marital status and degree of education, the BMI, blood pressure and blood glucose all had an impact on dyslipidemia. The residents with overweight ( OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.52-2.86) and obeseness ( OR=2.88, 95% CI: 1.58-5.24) had a higher risk for dyslipidemia than those with normal weight. The risks for dyslipidemia in the residents with hypertension ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.45-2.60) and hyperglycemia ( OR= 2.17, 95% CI: 1.27-3.69) were higher than those with normal blood pressure and blood glucose, respectively. Conclusions:The detection rate of dyslipidemia is higher in male residents around the mine. The BMI, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, blood glucose and distance from the mine are influencing dyslipidemia and other relevant indexes. Overweight is an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and its components. The distances from uranium mine has no significant effect on the dyslipidemia of male residents.
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Objective:To evaluate the health risk of fluoride in rural drinking water in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis(referred to as drinking-water-borne fluorosis) areas of Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of water improvement and fluoride reduction measures.Methods:The fluoride monitoring results of rural drinking water in Guanzhong Plain and Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi in drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas of Shaanxi Province in 2020 were collected from the "National Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Monitoring Information System". Using the health risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the level of fluoride exposure of adults in fluorosis areas through drinking water was evaluated, and the health risk value was calculated.Results:A total of 4 342 rural drinking water samples from drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas were monitored. The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water quality was 95.39% (4 142/4 342), and the fluoride content median was 0.470 mg/L; the health risk value was 0.368, and the non-carcinogenic risk was low. A total of 200 water samples with fluoride exceeding the standard were detected, and the fluoride content median was 1.450 mg/L; the health risk value of the fluoride excess water samples was 1.135, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk. There were significant differences in fluoride content in rural drinking water between different regions, water sources and treatment methods ( H = - 7.73, - 7.60, 34.40, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride exposure of adults in drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas through drinking water in Shaanxi Province is relatively low, and the non-carcinogenic risk caused by water samples with excessive fluoride is relatively high. In the future, it is necessary to continue to promote the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on improving water and reducing fluoride.
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Objective To characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. Methods Samples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. Results Results on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. Conclusion Average daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.
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Objective To characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. Methods Samples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. Results Results on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. Conclusion Average daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.
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Objective To understand the characteristics of environmental air pollution in three districts, two counties and one city of Yinchuan in 2020, to evaluate the air quality and the impact of air pollutants on population health, and to provide a theoretical basis for fine management of atmospheric environment in Yinchuan. Methods Based on the air pollution situation in districts and counties of Yinchuan in 2020, the air pollution characteristics were analyzed and summarized using Excel and SPSS 23.0 software. The health risks of SO2, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in the air were estimated using the health risk model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Results The average annual concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (except for Lingwu City) in all counties of Yinchuan in 2020 were higher than the national standard, while the average annual concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO and O3 in all regions were lower than the national secondary standard, indicating that the pollution level was low. Both ambient air quality and atmospheric pollutants (except O3) showed a “V” emission trend of less in summer and more in winter, while O3 was the opposite. The average annual concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and O3 decreased from north to south, while the concentrations of NO2 and CO in Xingqing District, Xixia District and Jinfeng District were significantly higher than those in other regions. O3, NO2 and particulate matter were the primary atmospheric pollutants in the study area. The health risks of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and O3 did not exceed the values recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency. However, these air pollutants posed the greatest health risk to children, while the health risk to the elderly was the least. There were differences in the health risks of these air pollutants between men and women of different ages. Among children and young adults, the health risk for men was higher than that for women. Among adolescent people and the elderly, the health risk of females was obviously higher than that of males. Conclusion The air quality in Yinchuan is good, and the health risk of the population is low.
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In this study, the content of five heavy metals(Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu) in 59 batches of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(LJF) medicinal materials and pieces were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The health risk assessment was processed using the maximum estimated daily intake(EDI), target hazard quotients(THQ), and carcinogenic risks(CR) assessment models. With reference to the limit standard for heavy metal content in LJF specified in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, five batches produced in Hebei were found to contain excessive Pb, and the remaining 54 batches met the specifications, with the unqualified rate of 8.47%. Comparative analysis of heavy metal content in LJF samples from three different producing areas, namely Shandong, Henan, and Hebei showed that the levels of Pb, As, and Hg in LJF from Hebei were significantly higher than those from Henan and Shandong. The samples produced in Shandong contained the highest content of Cd. The samples from Hebei contained the highest content of Cu while those from Shandong had the lowest content of Cu. As demonstrated by health risk assessment based on the EDI, THQ and CR models, these 59 batches of LJF samples did not cause significant health hazards for the exposed population, and there was no potential non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risk. In conclusion, a few of LJF samples contained excessive heavy metals, so some measures, including controlling production environment, cultivating management mode, and optimizing processing methods, should be taken for ensuring the medication safety of LJF.